3.9 Challenges from Political and Social Cleavages

Lesson Overview

Politically activated cleavages can shape parties, protest, public policy, territorial conflict, and demands for autonomy. Institutions may manage these pressures through federalism, devolution, quotas, power sharing, or repression.

Compare public attitudes and participation across the six AP course countries while separating formal rights from actual practice.

Quantitative lens: ${group_margin=largest_group_share-second_group_share}$.